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ENGINE FAILURE
If
the engine fails over land, loss of the drone is inevitable. If the engine
fails over water, ditching of the drone is inevitable, but complete loss of the
drone is prevented by the emergency flotation system. When the drone submerges
to a predetermined depth the flotation system is activated, preventing the drone
from sinking beyond the length of the nylon painter assembly. The flashing
beacon, which is above the water surface, guides a retrieval crew to the
location of the ditching.
If the engine fails
over the deck at 30 feet or higher, maneuver the drone immediately in an attempt
to get it clear of the ship. If the engine fails at less than 30 feet, try to
keep the drone in a level attitude for impact on deck to minimize damage.
If
the drone falls on the deck, it is probable that the blades will shatter.
If it is apparent that a crash is inevitable, take cover immediately.
AUTOROTATION
It is not possible to
make an autorotative landing with the drone.
FIRE
ENGINE FIRE ON DECK
In the event of engine
fire, stop the engine immediately by moving the ENG OFF switch in the direction
indicated by the arrow. Approach from upwind, ff possible, and direct the fire
extinguisher discharge directly on the flames.
If the fire is within
the engine, the gas producer rotor may be cranked in the purge position in an
attempt to blow out the fire.
ELECTRICAL FIRE ON
DECK
In the event of
electrical fire, stop the engine immediately by moving the ENG OFF switch in the
direction indicated by the arrow. Approach from upwind, if possible, and direct
the fire extinguisher discharge directly at the source.
ABNORMAL PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, OR ROTOR RPM INDICATIONS
In the event of any
abnormal pressure, temperatures, or rotor speed indications (see figure 1 in the
“Operating Limitations” section),
STOP the engine immediately by moving the ENG OFF switch in the direction
indicated by the arrow.
HOT START
In the event of a hot
engine start, stop the engine immediately and investigate the cause.
INADVERTENT
ENGINE SHUTDOWN
When the TRANSFER
switch is turned from AUX to DRONE, the cyclic control locks should drop out.
If, when transferring power from AUX to DRONE, an inadvertent engine shutdown
occurs, the swash plates will be unconstrained and as rotor rpm decays, the
rotors may flap and blade closure may occur. If an inadvertent engine
shutdown occurs, immediately move the deck control ENG OFF switch in the
direction indicated by the arrow, then turn the control monitor TRANSFER switch
to AUX.
INADVERTENT
TIE DOWN RELEASE
In the event of
inadvertent pre-launch tie down device release, proceed as follows:
1. If at low sea
state, remove any altitude command and stop the engine by moving the ENG OFF
switch in the direction indicated by the arrow. When the rotors stop turning,
reconnect the tie down device.
2. If ship roll is
severe and the drone is in danger of sliding on the deck, remove any altitude
command and stop the engine immediately. Wait until the rotors have stopped
turning, then attempt to lash the drone.
INTERMITTENT
MALFUNCTION
In the event of
intermittent malfunctions within visual range (indicated by jerks, dips,
oscillations, or any other discontinuities in the commanded flight regime),
every attempt should be made to land the drone as soon as possible so that the
malfunction can be investigated and corrected before continuing the mission. The
following procedures should be applied, as applicable.
1. If in the cruise
mode, gradually reduce airspeed command then switch to the maneuver mode. Allow
the maneuver stick to remain centered.
2. Gradually increase altitude to
approximately 200 feet.
3. If the drone is misaligned with the
heading pointer, align the pointer with the drone, readjusting pointer position
as required to keep it aligned with the drone.
4. Gradually apply small control
commands to determine the extent of control capability, particularly in roll,
pitch, and altitude.
5. If discontinuities persist, place the
drone on memory, then switch to the alternate transmitter and/or antenna. Return
to station control and re-check control capability.
6. If it is determined
that a landing can be attempted, position the drone at a safe distance from the
ship, then decrease altitude slowly. Using the maneuver stick, slowly bring the
drone over the deck and land it. Determine the cause of the malfunction and
correct it before continuing the mission.
If it is determined
that a safe landing cannot be made, it
still may be possible to deliver the weapons before
destroying the drone. (See the paragraph below headed EMERGENCY
DESTRUCTION OF THE DRONE.)
CONTROL STATION
MALFUNCTION
In the event of
failure of one or more of the proportional channels in the CIC control, the
mission may be completed by the deck controller, monitored by the CIC
controller's radar display.
In the event of
failure of the deck control, do not attempt to land the drone under CIC control.
If there is another ship in the vicinity with DASH capability, an attempt may be
made to retune transmitters as required and to transfer command and land the
drone on that ship. (Refer to the paragraph headed TRANSFER, SHIP TO SHIP OR
SHORE TO SHIP in the “Normal Procedures”
section) If this is not possible, refer to the paragraph below headed
EMERGENCY DESTRUCTION OF THE DRONE.
When the drone is
being tracked on radar, the result of certain malfunctions will be observed as
deviations from the commanded airspeed or track. Other malfunctions may cause
the drone to disappear from the radar display. Refer to the paragraph below
headed LOSS OF RADAR CONTACT.
Drone deviation from the commanded track
may be due to variation in wind direction. This may be checked by commanding an
azimuth identification pattern and then applying the proper correction.
DIRECTIONAL GYRO SLAVING
REVERSAL
If the
shipboard directional gyro slaving circuit is incorrectly wired, the directional
gyro on the drone will be slaved 180 degrees out of alignment with the ship gyro
compass system. Under these circumstances, when the drone breaks contact with
the deck, it will make an immediate uncommanded turn to a heading 180 degrees
away from its pre-launch position on the deck. Maneuver stick response will be
erratic as the drone is turning, and will become 180 degrees reversed after
drone heading stabilizes; left roll command will produce right roll response,
forward command will produce aft airspeed response, etc. Turn direction will not
be affected.
The pre-launch
command tests shown in figure 3 of the “Normal
Procedures” section include steps enabling detection of an improperly
slaved system prior to launch. In performing these tests, the actual tip brake
extension should be observed in addition to the YAW meter on the control
monitor. In a properly slaved system, the following rule applies: LEFT TURN =
LOWER TIP BRAKE EXTENSION.
If
the LEFT = LOWER rule is not met, do not under any circumstances release the
pre-launch tie down device.
To recover and land a drone that has
been launched with an improperly slaved (180 degrees) directional gyro system,
proceed as follows:
1. Position the drone at a safe altitude
above the superstructure. Head the drone into the relative wind.
2. Turn the CRUISE-MANEUVER switch to
CRUISE. The blunt end of the heading pointer indicates drone heading.
3. Position the drone at a safe distance
off the leeward side of the ship.
4. Adjust airspeed and
heading so that the drone maintains a fixed position with respect to the ship.
5. Record ship heading
as read from the HEADING card. Record heading pointer position with respect to
the HEADING card.
Continuous
communication with the bridge is essential during the following steps:
6. Turn
the MEMORY-STATION switch to MEMORY.
7. Disconnect the ship heading
information cable from its receptacle J2. (Receptacle J2 is the small one
located on the cylindrical base of the deck control just above the pedestal.)
The
ship must maintain course from the time the cable is disconnected until the
drone is landed on the deck.
8. Rotate the heading card 180 +/- 5
degrees (either direction) from the reading recorded in step 5 by applying
repeated sharp rapid twists to the heading knob.
The
heading card is being rotated through a mechanical differential resisted only by
the inertia of the rotor of the de-energized heading synchro; therefore, the
card will move only a few degrees with each twist applied to the knob.
The
cable must remain disconnected from receptacle J2 until the drone has landed.
9. Slowly rotate the heading pointer to
the heading card reading recorded in step 5. The drone and heading pointer are
now properly aligned, but
the heading card is indicating a false
ship heading.
10. Turn MEMORY-STATION switch to
STATION and perform a normal maneuver approach and landing. Heading changes
should be made slowly to prevent further rotation of the heading card.
In
cases of operational necessity it is possible to deliver the weapons in the
cruise mode before the procedure described above is accomplished. The blunt end
of the pointer will indicate drone heading.
EMERGENCY WEAPON JETTISON
If, due to an apparent malfunction, the drone loses altitude
and does not respond to altitude command and if the danger of losing the drone
is imminent, the weapons may be jettisoned to reduce weight so that further
emergency procedures may be attempted to recover the drone.
ALTITUDE AXIS MALFUNCTION
In the event of an altitude axis malfunction while
the drone is over the deck (indicated by deterioration of control) reduce
altitude command at a rate dictated by conditions and land the drone as soon as
possible.
In the event of an altitude axis
malfunction after the drone has been launched and is still
within visual range of the controller, switch to the alternate transmitter
and/or antenna and attempt to return the drone to the ship.
If
the drone loses altitude and does not respond to altitude command, and if the
danger of losing the drone is imminent, the weapons may be jettisoned to reduce
weight so that further attempts to recover the drone may be made.
BAROMETRIC ALTITUDE
CONTROL MALFUNCTION
If,
due to a malfunction in the barometric altitude control, the drone begins an
uncommanded continuous ascent, it is essential that the altitude command be
reduced immediately to the point at which further ascent is arrested and descent
begins. This may require a negative altitude command. Attempt to stabilize the
drone by rotating the altitude knob as required. (In effect, the drone will now
respond to "direct collective" commands, under which the collective
pitch setting of the rotors is controlled directly by the output from the
decoder, without the altitude reference normally provided by the barometric
altitude control. )
Frequent compensation must be made to offset the tendency of the collective
pitch system to drift toward the upper or lower stop. Station a crewman to
observe the altitude readouts at which the drone changes direction. Slowly
decrease altitude command until the drone begins to descend. Have the crewman
mark the readout at which descent occurs. Slowly increase altitude command until
the descent is arrested and ascent begins. Mark the readout at which ascent
occurs. Within this bracket (approximately ±15 feet), drone altitude can be
controlled. Command a slow descent to an approximate drone altitude of 200 feet.
At this point manipulate the altitude knob slowly in both directions to develop
familiarity with drone response. Slowly manipulate the altitude knob as required
to effect the approach and landing.
All
changes in drone altitude must be made slowly and gradually to prevent power
settling in descent or collective limiting in ascent.
If the uncommanded change in altitude is downward, the
procedure set forth above may be used in an attempt to control drone altitude
and land the drone.
HEADING AXIS MALFUNCTION
In the event of a malfunction in the heading axis, within
visual range (indicated by the inability of the drone to maintain the commanded
heading or to respond to heading change commands), proceed as follows:
1. Reduce airspeed to 00 FWD and switch
to the maneuver mode. Hover the drone and attempt to keep the heading pointer
aligned with the fuselage.
2. Switch to the
alternate transmitter and/or antenna and carefully apply turn commands.
3. If it is determined
that a safe landing can be made, use the maneuver stick to bring the drone over
the deck for a landing.
INTERMITTENT CARRIER LOSS
If carrier loss
occurs while the drone is on memory, the drone will continue to fly at its last
commanded altitude, heading, and airspeed. If carrier loss occurs while the
drone is under station control, the cyclic pitch controls will move to neutral
and the drone will assume a "no wind" hover at its last commanded
altitude and heading. In the cruise mode, a time delay circuit in the
longitudinal cyclic pitch axis prevents sudden pitch attitude changes as the
carrier is lost and restored. If intermittent carrier loss occurs while the
drone is in the maneuver mode (within 300 yards of the ship), proceed as
follows:
1. If the malfunction is in the
shipboard guidance system (as determined from the Target Control Sys- tem Test
Set AN/SRM-4), switch to the alternate transmitter and/or antenna and, if
carrier is restored, land the drone.
2. If the malfunction is in the airborne
system or if the malfunction is not remedied in step 1, position the ship so
that the wind is over the bow (±15') and upwind of the drone so that the drone
will not drift toward the ship.
3. Apply commands
cautiously in an attempt to determine the degree of controllability.
4. If it is determined that a safe
landing can be made, land the drone.
If the
intermittent carrier loss occurs while the drone is in the cruise mode (more
than 300 yards from the ship), proceed as follows:
1. Command a flight path in the
direction to return the drone to the ship. Do not exceed the 80-degree-
increment turn command limitation.
2. Follow steps 1 and 2 above.
3. Command approximately
300 feet of altitude and 45 to 55 knots forward airspeed.
4. When the drone is 200 to 300 yards
from the ship, switch to the maneuver mode and, if it is determined that a safe
landing can be made, land the drone.
LOSS OF ALTITUDE IN TURNS
If the drone loses
appreciable altitude in turns in the cruise mode (due to slip), proceed as
follows:
1. Reduce airspeed
command to approximately 20 knots and allow the drone to stabilize at the
commanded airspeed.
2. Turn the drone toward the ship and
fly it at low airspeed on that heading. Restrict corrective turns to 10 degree
increments.
3. When the drone is close to the ship,
switch to maneuver mode and effect a normal approach and landing.
LOSS OF AIRSPEED IN TURNS
If the drone loses appreciable airspeed in turns in the
cruise mode (other than into-the-wind turns at low airspeed), proceed as
follows:
1. Reduce airspeed
command to approximately 20 knots and allow the drone to stabilize at the
commanded airspeed.
2. Turn the drone toward the ship and
fly it at low airspeed on that heading. Restrict corrective turns to 10 degree
increments.
3. When the drone is close to the ship,
switch to maneuver mode and effect a normal approach and landing.
POWER SETTLING
If power settling occurs (indicated by
an uncontrolled and excessively high rate of descent at zero or low airspeed)
proceed as follows:
1. Increase
translational airspeed command.
2. If the drone
continues to descend and if sufficient altitude remains, decrease altitude
command, but to not less than 100 feet.
3. If settling continues, jettison the
weapons.
While
in a power settling condition, do not increase altitude command since this will
have the effect of aggravating the condition.
EMERGENCY
DESTRUCTION OF THE DRONE
If it becomes necessary to destroy the
drone, it may be done by actuating the emergency flight termination system
(which shuts off the fuel supply to the engine), or by flying the drone into the
water by rotating the altitude knob to its down stop.
LOSS OF
RADAR CONTACT
The radar display
presents only range and bearing information; it does not indicate the altitude
of the drone. If the drone disappears from the radar display, it will not be
apparent immediately whether the drone has disappeared below the horizon or into
the water, or whether the radar return has deteriorated.
Corrective action to
be taken whenever the drone disappears from the radar display is as follows:
1.
Command a turn to return the drone to the ship and increase altitude
immediately.
2.
Note range, bearing, and time at loss of contact.
3. Plot a dead reckoning course
back to the ship.
4.
Maintain surveillance and data link control until the drone has had time
to return to the vicinity of the ship.
5. Head the ship toward the drone, if
possible.
If the drone reappears
on radar on its way back to the ship, another attempt to deliver the weapons may
be made, preferably at a higher altitude. If the drone does not reappear, a
search may be instituted.
If,
after initial loss of radar contact, any radar return appears within a
reasonable radius of the point of disappearance, command an azimuth
identification pattern and observe the radar display for like response.
MALFUNCTION
ON TRANSFER
In
transferring command from one station to the other, it is essential that
continuous voice communication between the two stations be maintained, and that
each action taken be announced, for example "I am switching to STATION ---
NOW. "
If, on transfer of control, or on
switching from memory to station control, the drone deviates radically from its
commanded airspeed, altitude, and/or heading, the following procedure should be
accomplished as rapidly as possible. (The procedure is written for a transfer
from deck to CIC for descriptive purposes only. The same procedure applies for a
transfer from CIC to deck. )
1. Deck demands
control; CIC immediately switches his CIC transmitter control (C-2804/SRW-4)
POWER switch to OFF and leaves it in that position.
2. Deck turns MEMORY-STATION switch to
STATION (if it is not already in that position) and controls the drone.
INABILITY
TO TRANSFER
If a station to
station transfer cannot be effected, proceed as follows:
1. Maintain drone
position with respect to the ship.
2. Switch to the alternate transmitter and/or antenna and repeat the attempt to
transfer. If the transfer still cannot be made, attempt to locate the cause of
the malfunction.
3. If deck has command and cannot
transfer to CIC, land the drone on the deck. If CIC has command and cannot
return control to deck, and if there is another ship in the vicinity with DASH
capability and compatible frequency, an attempt may be made to transfer command
and land the drone on that ship. (Refer to the paragraph headed TRANSFER, SHIP
TO SHIP OR SHORE TO SHIP in the “Normal
Procedures” section.)
Do
not attempt to land the drone under CIC control.
LANDING
IN TURBULENT AIR
If there is severe air
turbulence over the flight deck, proceed as follows:
1. Head the ship so
that the relative wind is approximately 45 degrees off the bow.
2. Reduce ship speed to reduce the
velocity of the wind over the flight deck.
INADVERTENT
CONTROL LOCK RELEASE
If
due to a system malfunction, the cyclic control locks become disengaged
inadvertently during a deck run-up with the control monitor TRANSFER switch at
AUX, it is possible that the rotors may gyrate. It is essential that the engine
be shut down, using the data link, as soon as possible. Proceed as follows:
1. Make certain that
the GYRO switch is at OUT.
2. Turn the TRANSFER switch to DRONE
3. Move the deck control ENG OFF switch
in the direction indicated by the arrow. If the engine does not shut down, refer
to the paragraph headed FAILURE OF ENGINE SHUTOFF in this section.
FAILURE
OF ENGINE SHUTOFF
If
the cyclic control locks fail to engage when an engine-off command is applied at
the deck control, the fuel valve solenoid will not operate to shut off
the fuel and the engine
will continue to run. To stop the engine, proceed as follows:
1. Move the ENG OFF
switch in the direction opposite the arrow to restore pitch and roll command.
Manipulate the maneuver stick slightly and observe swash plate movement. Move
the ENG OFF switch again in the direction indicated by the arrow. If the engine
still does not shut off, leave the ENG OFF switch in the direction indicated by
the arrow and proceed with step 2.
2. Station a crewman
under the rotors at the right side of the drone aft of the engine exhaust. The
crew- man will push upward on the control lock arms to engage them with the
servo actuator cyclic output arms. Upon engagement, the fuel valve solenoid
should- operate to stop the engine. Hold the control locks in engagement until
the rotors stop turning. If the control locks cannot be engaged manually (due to
a tilt of the swash
plates), move the ENG OFF switch in the direction opposite the arrow and, while
the crewman pushes upward on the control locks, manipulate the maneuver stick
slightly. When the crewman signals that the locks are engaged, move the ENG OFF
switch in the direction indicated by the arrow.
The
crewman must remain crouched as low as possible while under the rotors.
If the engine does
not shutdown after steps 1 and 2 have been accomplished, the engine may be
stopped by discharging a burst of C02 into the air inlet. A minimum charge of 15
pounds is required. A 5 second burst should be sufficient to cause flameout. If
necessary a second burst of 3 seconds duration may be discharged into the inlet.
The
crewman must continue to hold the control locks engaged until the rotors have
stopped turning.
The
CO nozzle must be held at least 12 inches from the air inlet. Do not use any
other fire extinguishing agent.
A
compressor surge may occur when C02 is discharged into the air inlet. Compressor
surge may be indicated by one or more loud reports emitted from the compressor
and should be disregarded under these conditions. Following any emergency
shutdown using C02, the engine must undergo a major component inspection.
End of Emergency Procedures Section
           
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